The market value for global wine will be over $53 billion in 2021. Global production is around 260 million hectolitres or 34 billion bottles. About half of this is exported and so consumed outside the place of origin. Italy, France, Spain, the United States, and Australia are the major producing countries in terms of volume.
Cafayate Vineyards, Argentina. South America has now joined the top five countries in wine production. (Shutterstock)
Wine has been commercialized for over 3,000 years. Many of the cultural concepts that shape our perceptions of wine today are rooted in its past as a product for sale.
As an anthropologist at the Department of Social and Public Communication, Universite du Quebec a Montreal UQAM (UQAM), I see wine as a cultural object. Wine is a cultural object that has meanings that are socially constructed, and both consumers and producers think about it subconsciously.
In 2000-2001, I conducted my first anthropological fieldwork in Calabria in southern Italy. Since then, I have been back three times. In 2017-2018, I completed my second anthropological research in British Columbia in the Okanagan Valley. Later, I will share some of the findings of this research in The Conversation.
Since 2010, I have run the website sommeliervirtuel.com along with my brother Mathieu. We have gained recognition as wine influencers within Quebec, and I’ve been able to deepen my understanding of the market and consumer culture.
This first article demonstrates how our cultural conceptions about wine are actually a result of its commercial nature.
Place is important
Wine is a product of place. It is possible to talk about a Bordeaux or Burgundy without needing to mention that it is wine. As far back as Ancient Greece and the Middle Ages, it was different elites who created a market for wine from distant, recognized regions.
Chianti wine in Tuscany’s Chianti region. The region’s name is synonymous with its signature product. (Shutterstock)
, a common agricultural crop, was also considered to be a product.
The origin of wine became significant through the trade of wines, particularly over long distances.
The reality of trade versus the utopia of terroir
The trade also helps to explain why wine production in certain regions became concentrated and not in others.
Official speeches (guidebooks and wine books) state that the concentration of wine production in certain regions is due to the quality of its terroir. This is based on the notion that the best places for producing quality wine are located there. Trade explains why vineyards are concentrated in some regions but not others.
French historian and geographer Roger Dion has demonstrated how France’s position as a leader in the market of northern Europe led to a concentration of wine production. He explains how wine-producing areas were centered around rivers that were vital for transporting heavy cargo before the arrival of the trains.
It was France’s geographic position that explained the historical development and renown of France’s wine regions.
Saint-Emilion vineyards, France France’s position as a leader in northern Europe would lead to a concentration of wine production. (Shutterstock)
In the past, wine-producing regions were able to sell their products in other markets. This is because a family of peasants could not survive on wine. The concept of terroir has been used in order to hide these origins. It is attributed to the reputation of wines, while historically, their reputation was built through trade.
From agricultural products to luxury products
As wine consumption grew in countries that were not wine producers, like England, Northern Europe, and America, an entirely new concept of wine was born.
In these markets, wine was not a product of agriculture. Wine was considered a luxury item, only available to certain social groups. Even after wine became more common, it was still a rare product.
Wine tasting in Worns (Germany). Wine is still a special product in the US and northern European markets. It’s only drunk on special occasions. (Shutterstock)
Even in wine-producing countries, the daily consumption of wine has been replaced by an occasional one.
Bordeaux and the English Market
Bordeaux is a good example, and it has been a major influence on the modern notions of wine.
Bordeaux’s vineyard was developed to meet the demands of the English and Dutch markets, which controlled the region, its trade, and the wine industry in the 17 century. The English market was responsible for causing consumers and merchants alike to pay attention to the Crus and vintages of Bordeaux.
Margaux is a Bordeaux region town with a vineyard and quaint chateau. Bordeaux’s vineyard grew in response to the English and Dutch who controlled the region in the 17th Century. (Shutterstock)
At the Universal Exhibition in Paris, the famous classification for Bordeaux wines from 1855 was developed on the basis of the English market’s wine prices.
As new markets emerge, especially in Asia, they are now driving up prices for specific wines. China is also producing and exporting its wine. This increases the competition between the different wine-producing regions in the world.
In a Shanghai supermarket, a shelf of wine bottles. The country began producing and exporting wines. (Shutterstock)
In Asian markets, wine is still a luxury product. It’s often given as a present, such as in Japan. The Asian markets may influence our perceptions of wine over the next few years if they have not already.
Here are a few examples that show how the commercial nature and long history of wine have influenced the way we perceive the product. Could wine be hiding its true nature under the rhetoric of authenticity? Wine is a fermented grape juice.